The authors suggest a way forward by the introduction of nationally and internationally-accepted guidelines for industrial collaboration which contain proper protections of the core purposes of universities and of the independence of their research. Public awareness of these problems is growing and creating a climate of opinion where they may be addressed. Although there are those who see the norms of science developing to recognize the importance of instrumental science aiming at specific goals and of knowledge judged by its value in a context of application, none justifies the covert manipulation of results by vested interest. It results in problems over intellectual property and conflict of interest which have even led to corporate sponsors’ suppressing unfavorable results of clinical trials, to the detriment of patients’ health. The premise is that the recent combination of business culture and values into universities and research institutions is incompatible with the openness which scientific and all academic pursuit traditionally require. The contents in this issue about “Corruption of scientific integrity? – The commercialization of academic science” arose from a conference in May 2001. "Ethical issues at the university-industry interface: A way forward?" Science and Engineering Ethics 9, 1: 3-16.
Accessed July 29, 2016.Įvans, Gillian R., and David E.
It may be ethically justified to pay extortion in some circumstances, such as delivering medicines to those gravely ill, even though it would be wrong to offer to pay a bribe.Ĭorruption is a broader concept than either bribery or extortion. When involving human action corruption often involves bribery or extortion, but it needn’t. It does require dishonest or fraudulent conduct by an entity in a position to benefit from that dishonesty or fraudulent conduct. The conduct may be legal but nonetheless allows illegitimate privilege to the perpetrator or some entity the perpetrator wishes to benefit. In the research and educational systems, corruption may arise in numbers of ways. Grants or contracts involving scientific and engineering research or development may be awarded because of personal, political, or business connections that lie outside of the merits on which those awards should be made. In contrast, extortion is paid to secure something to which one has a right, such as the return of expensive equipment one has legally brought into a country but which a corrupt customs official claims has been "lost". Bribes are paid to obtain something to which one does not have a right, such as a special advantage in awarding a contract. Harris points out, offering a bribe is not the same as capitulating to extortion (that is, capitulating to a demand under coercion or intimidation). A bribe is something given or offered to a person or organization in a position of trust to induce such a person to behave in a way inconsistent with that trust.
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